# Vim documentation: repeat

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    *repeat.txt*    For Vim version 7.3f.  Last change: 2009 Nov 04

    		  VIM REFERENCE MANUAL    by Bram Moolenaar

    Repeating commands, Vim scripts and debugging			*repeating*

    Chapter 26 of the user manual introduces repeating |usr_26.txt|.

    1. Single repeats	|single-repeat|
    2. Multiple repeats	|multi-repeat|
    3. Complex repeats	|complex-repeat|
    4. Using Vim scripts	|using-scripts|
    5. Debugging scripts	|debug-scripts|
    6. Profiling		|profiling|

    ==============================================================================

    1. Single repeats					*single-repeat*

    							*.*
    .			Repeat last change, with count replaced with [count].
    			Also repeat a yank command, when the 'y' flag is
    			included in 'cpoptions'.  Does not repeat a
    			command-line command.

    Simple changes can be repeated with the "." command.  Without a count, the
    count of the last change is used.  If you enter a count, it will replace the
    last one.  If the last change included a specification of a numbered register,
    the register number will be incremented.  See |redo-register| for an example
    how to use this.  Note that when repeating a command that used a Visual
    selection, the same SIZE of area is used, see |visual-repeat|.

    							*@:*
    @:			Repeat last command-line [count] times.
    			{not available when compiled without the
    			|+cmdline_hist| feature}

    ==============================================================================

    2. Multiple repeats					*multi-repeat*

    						*:g* *:global* *E147* *E148*
    :[range]g[lobal]/{pattern}/[cmd]
    			Execute the Ex command [cmd] (default ":p") on the
    			lines within [range] where {pattern} matches.

    :[range]g[lobal]!/{pattern}/[cmd]
    			Execute the Ex command [cmd] (default ":p") on the
    			lines within [range] where {pattern} does NOT match.

    							*:v* *:vglobal*
    :[range]v[global]/{pattern}/[cmd]
    			Same as :g!.

    Instead of the '/' which surrounds the {pattern}, you can use any other
    single byte character, but not an alphanumeric character, '\', '"'' or '|'.
    This is useful if you want to include a '/' in the search pattern or
    replacement string.

    For the definition of a pattern, see |pattern|.

    The global commands work by first scanning through the [range] lines and
    marking each line where a match occurs (for a multi-line pattern, only the
    start of the match matters).
    In a second scan the [cmd] is executed for each marked line with its line
    number prepended.  For ":v" and ":g!" the command is executed for each not
    marked line.  If a line is deleted its mark disappears.
    The default for [range] is the whole buffer (1,$).  Use "CTRL-C" to interrupt
    the command.  If an error message is given for a line, the command for that
    line is aborted and the global command continues with the next marked or
    unmarked line.

    To repeat a non-Ex command, you can use the ":normal" command:
    	:g/pat/normal {commands}
    Make sure that {commands} ends with a whole command, otherwise Vim will wait
    for you to type the rest of the command for each match.  The screen will not
    have been updated, so you don't know what you are doing.  See |:normal|.

    The undo/redo command will undo/redo the whole global command at once.
    The previous context mark will only be set once (with "''"' you go back to
    where the cursor was before the global command).

    The global command sets both the last used search pattern and the last used
    substitute pattern (this is vi compatible).  This makes it easy to globally
    replace a string:
    	:g/pat/s//PAT/g
    This replaces all occurrences of "pat" with "PAT".  The same can be done with:
    	:%s/pat/PAT/g
    Which is two characters shorter!

    When using "global" in Ex mode, a special case is using ":visual" as a
    command.  This will move to a matching line, go to Normal mode to let you
    execute commands there until you use |Q| to return to Ex mode.  This will be
    repeated for each matching line.  While doing this you cannot use ":global".
    To abort this type CTRL-C twice.

    ==============================================================================

    3. Complex repeats					*complex-repeat*

    							*q* *recording*
    q{0-9a-zA-Z"}		Record typed characters into register {0-9a-zA-Z"}
    			(uppercase to append).  The 'q' command is disabled
    			while executing a register, and it doesn't work inside
    			a mapping.  {Vi: no recording}

    q			Stops recording.  (Implementation note: The 'q' that
    			stops recording is not stored in the register, unless
    			it was the result of a mapping)  {Vi: no recording}

    							*@*
    @{0-9a-z".=*}		Execute the contents of register {0-9a-z".=*} [count]
    			times.  Note that register '%' (name of the current
    			file) and '#' (name of the alternate file) cannot be
    			used.  For "@=" you are prompted to enter an
    			expression.  The result of the expression is then
    			executed.  See also |@:|.  {Vi: only named registers}

    							*@@* *E748*
    @@			Repeat the previous @{0-9a-z":*} [count] times.

    :[addr]*{0-9a-z".=}						*:@* *:star*
    :[addr]@{0-9a-z".=*}	Execute the contents of register {0-9a-z".=*} as an Ex
    			command.  First set cursor at line [addr] (default is
    			current line).  When the last line in the register does
    			not have a <CR> it will be added automatically when
    			the 'e' flag is present in 'cpoptions'.
    			Note that the ":*" command is only recognized when the
    			'*' flag is present in 'cpoptions'.  This is NOT the
    			default when 'nocompatible' is used.
    			For ":@=" the last used expression is used.  The
    			result of evaluating the expression is executed as an
    			Ex command.
    			Mappings are not recognized in these commands.
    			{Vi: only in some versions} Future: Will execute the
    			register for each line in the address range.

    							*:@:*
    :[addr]@:		Repeat last command-line.  First set cursor at line
    			[addr] (default is current line).  {not in Vi}

    							*:@@*
    :[addr]@@		Repeat the previous :@{0-9a-z"}.  First set cursor at
    			line [addr] (default is current line).  {Vi: only in
    			some versions}

    ==============================================================================

    4. Using Vim scripts					*using-scripts*

    For writing a Vim script, see chapter 41 of the user manual |usr_41.txt|.

    					*:so* *:source* *load-vim-script*
    :so[urce] {file}	Read Ex commands from {file}.  These are commands that
    			start with a ":".
    			Triggers the |SourcePre| autocommand.

    :so[urce]! {file}	Read Vim commands from {file}.  These are commands
    			that are executed from Normal mode, like you type
    			them.
    			When used after |:global|, |:argdo|, |:windo|,
    			|:bufdo|, in a loop or when another command follows
    			the display won't be updated while executing the
    			commands.
    			{not in Vi}

    							*:ru* *:runtime*
    :ru[ntime][!] {file} ..
    			Read Ex commands from {file} in each directory given
    			by 'runtimepath'.  There is no error for non-existing
    			files.  Example:
    				:runtime syntax/c.vim

     			There can be multiple {file} arguments, separated by
    			spaces.  Each {file} is searched for in the first
    			directory from 'runtimepath', then in the second
    			directory, etc.  Use a backslash to include a space
    			inside {file} (although it's better not to use spaces
    			in file names, it causes trouble).

    			When [!] is included, all found files are sourced.
    			When it is not included only the first found file is
    			sourced.

    			When {file} contains wildcards it is expanded to all
    			matching files.  Example:
    				:runtime! plugin/*.vim
     			This is what Vim uses to load the plugin files when
    			starting up.  This similar command:
    				:runtime plugin/*.vim
     			would source the first file only.

    			When 'verbose' is one or higher, there is a message
    			when no file could be found.
    			When 'verbose' is two or higher, there is a message
    			about each searched file.
    			{not in Vi}

    :scripte[ncoding] [encoding]		*:scripte* *:scriptencoding* *E167*
    			Specify the character encoding used in the script.
    			The following lines will be converted from [encoding]
    			to the value of the 'encoding' option, if they are
    			different.  Examples:
    				scriptencoding iso-8859-5
    				scriptencoding cp932

    			When [encoding] is empty, no conversion is done.  This
    			can be used to restrict conversion to a sequence of
    			lines:
    				scriptencoding euc-jp
    				... lines to be converted ...
    				scriptencoding
    				... not converted ...

     			When conversion isn't supported by the system, there
    			is no error message and no conversion is done.

    			Don't use "ucs-2" or "ucs-4", scripts cannot be in
    			these encodings (they would contain NUL bytes).
    			When a sourced script starts with a BOM (Byte Order
    			Mark) in utf-8 format Vim will recognize it, no need
    			to use ":scriptencoding utf-8" then.

    			When compiled without the |+multi_byte| feature this
    			command is ignored.
    			{not in Vi}

    						*:scrip* *:scriptnames*
    :scrip[tnames]		List all sourced script names, in the order they were
    			first sourced.  The number is used for the script ID
    			|<SID>|.
    			{not in Vi} {not available when compiled without the
    			|+eval| feature}

    						*:fini* *:finish* *E168*
    :fini[sh]		Stop sourcing a script.  Can only be used in a Vim
    			script file.  This is a quick way to skip the rest of
    			the file.  If it is used after a |:try| but before the
    			matching |:finally| (if present), the commands
    			following the ":finally" up to the matching |:endtry|
    			are executed first.  This process applies to all
    			nested ":try"s in the script.  The outermost ":endtry"
    			then stops sourcing the script.  {not in Vi}

    All commands and command sequences can be repeated by putting them in a named
    register and then executing it.  There are two ways to get the commands in the
    register:
    - Use the record command "q".  You type the commands once, and while they are
      being executed they are stored in a register.  Easy, because you can see
      what you are doing.  If you make a mistake, "p"ut the register into the
      file, edit the command sequence, and then delete it into the register
      again.  You can continue recording by appending to the register (use an
      uppercase letter).
    - Delete or yank the command sequence into the register.

    Often used command sequences can be put under a function key with the ':map'
    command.

    An alternative is to put the commands in a file, and execute them with the
    ':source!' command.  Useful for long command sequences.  Can be combined with
    the ':map' command to put complicated commands under a function key.

    The ':source' command reads Ex commands from a file line by line.  You will
    have to type any needed keyboard input.  The ':source!' command reads from a
    script file character by character, interpreting each character as if you
    typed it.

    Example: When you give the ":!ls" command you get the |hit-enter| prompt.  If
    you ':source' a file with the line "!ls" in it, you will have to type the
    <Enter> yourself.  But if you ':source!' a file with the line ":!ls" in it,
    the next characters from that file are read until a <CR> is found.  You will
    not have to type <CR> yourself, unless ":!ls" was the last line in the file.

    It is possible to put ':source[!]' commands in the script file, so you can
    make a top-down hierarchy of script files.  The ':source' command can be
    nested as deep as the number of files that can be opened at one time (about
    15).  The ':source!' command can be nested up to 15 levels deep.

    You can use the "<sfile>" string (literally, this is not a special key) inside
    of the sourced file, in places where a file name is expected.  It will be
    replaced by the file name of the sourced file.  For example, if you have a
    "other.vimrc" file in the same directory as your ".vimrc" file, you can source
    it from your ".vimrc" file with this command:
    	:source <sfile>:h/other.vimrc

    In script files terminal-dependent key codes are represented by
    terminal-independent two character codes.  This means that they can be used
    in the same way on different kinds of terminals.  The first character of a
    key code is 0x80 or 128, shown on the screen as "~@".  The second one can be
    found in the list |key-notation|.  Any of these codes can also be entered
    with CTRL-V followed by the three digit decimal code.  This does NOT work for
    the <t_xx> termcap codes, these can only be used in mappings.

    							*:source_crnl* *W15*
    MS-DOS, Win32 and OS/2: Files that are read with ":source" normally have
    <CR><NL> <EOL>s.  These always work.  If you are using a file with <NL> <EOL>s
    (for example, a file made on Unix), this will be recognized if 'fileformats'
    is not empty and the first line does not end in a <CR>.  This fails if the
    first line has something like ":map <F1> :help^M", where "^M" is a <CR>.  If
    the first line ends in a <CR>, but following ones don't, you will get an error
    message, because the <CR> from the first lines will be lost.

    Mac Classic: Files that are read with ":source" normally have <CR> <EOL>s.
    These always work.  If you are using a file with <NL> <EOL>s (for example, a
    file made on Unix), this will be recognized if 'fileformats' is not empty and
    the first line does not end in a <CR>.  Be careful not to use a file with <NL>
    linebreaks which has a <CR> in first line.

    On other systems, Vim expects ":source"ed files to end in a <NL>.  These
    always work.  If you are using a file with <CR><NL> <EOL>s (for example, a
    file made on MS-DOS), all lines will have a trailing <CR>.  This may cause
    problems for some commands (e.g., mappings).  There is no automatic <EOL>
    detection, because it's common to start with a line that defines a mapping
    that ends in a <CR>, which will confuse the automaton.

    							*line-continuation*
    Long lines in a ":source"d Ex command script file can be split by inserting
    a line continuation symbol "\" (backslash) at the start of the next line.
    There can be white space before the backslash, which is ignored.

    Example: the lines
    	:set comments=sr:/*,mb:*,el:*/,
    		     \://,
    		     \b:#,
    		     \:%,
    		     \n:>,
    		     \fb:-
    are interpreted as if they were given in one line:
    	:set comments=sr:/*,mb:*,el:*/,://,b:#,:%,n:>,fb:-

    All leading whitespace characters in the line before a backslash are ignored.
    Note however that trailing whitespace in the line before it cannot be
    inserted freely; it depends on the position where a command is split up
    whether additional whitespace is allowed or not.

    When a space is required it's best to put it right after the backslash.  A
    space at the end of a line is hard to see and may be accidentally deleted.
    	:syn match Comment
    		\ "very long regexp"
    		\ keepend

    There is a problem with the ":append" and ":insert" commands:
       :1append
       \asdf
       .
    The backslash is seen as a line-continuation symbol, thus this results in the
    command:
       :1appendasdf
       .
    To avoid this, add the 'C' flag to the 'cpoptions' option:
       :set cpo+=C
       :1append
       \asdf
       .
       :set cpo-=C

    Note that when the commands are inside a function, you need to add the 'C'
    flag when defining the function, it is not relevant when executing it.
       :set cpo+=C
       :function Foo()
       :1append
       \asdf
       .
       :endfunction
       :set cpo-=C

    Rationale:
    	Most programs work with a trailing backslash to indicate line
    	continuation.  Using this in Vim would cause incompatibility with Vi.
    	For example for this Vi mapping:
    		:map xx  asdf\
     	Therefore the unusual leading backslash is used.

    ==============================================================================

    5. Debugging scripts					*debug-scripts*

    Besides the obvious messages that you can add to your scripts to find out what
    they are doing, Vim offers a debug mode.  This allows you to step through a
    sourced file or user function and set breakpoints.

    NOTE: The debugging mode is far from perfect.  Debugging will have side
    effects on how Vim works.  You cannot use it to debug everything.  For
    example, the display is messed up by the debugging messages.
    {Vi does not have a debug mode}

    An alternative to debug mode is setting the 'verbose' option.  With a bigger
    number it will give more verbose messages about what Vim is doing.

    STARTING DEBUG MODE						*debug-mode*

    To enter debugging mode use one of these methods:
    1. Start Vim with the |-D| argument:
    	vim -D file.txt
       Debugging will start as soon as the first vimrc file is sourced.  This is
       useful to find out what is happening when Vim is starting up.  A side
       effect is that Vim will switch the terminal mode before initialisations
       have finished, with unpredictable results.
       For a GUI-only version (Windows, Macintosh) the debugging will start as
       soon as the GUI window has been opened.  To make this happen early, add a
       ":gui" command in the vimrc file.

    								*:debug*
    2. Run a command with ":debug" prepended.  Debugging will only be done while
       this command executes.  Useful for debugging a specific script or user
       function.  And for scripts and functions used by autocommands.  Example:
    	:debug edit test.txt.gz

    3. Set a breakpoint in a sourced file or user function.  You could do this in
       the command line:
    	vim -c "breakadd file */explorer.vim" .
       This will run Vim and stop in the first line of the "explorer.vim" script.
       Breakpoints can also be set while in debugging mode.

    In debugging mode every executed command is displayed before it is executed.
    Comment lines, empty lines and lines that are not executed are skipped.  When
    a line contains two commands, separated by "|", each command will be displayed
    separately.

    DEBUG MODE

    Once in debugging mode, the usual Ex commands can be used.  For example, to
    inspect the value of a variable:
    	echo idx
    When inside a user function, this will print the value of the local variable
    "idx".  Prepend "g:" to get the value of a global variable:
    	echo g:idx
    All commands are executed in the context of the current function or script.
    You can also set options, for example setting or resetting 'verbose' will show
    what happens, but you might want to set it just before executing the lines you
    are interested in:
    	:set verbose=20

    Commands that require updating the screen should be avoided, because their
    effect won't be noticed until after leaving debug mode.  For example:
    	:help
    won't be very helpful.

    There is a separate command-line history for debug mode.

    The line number for a function line is relative to the start of the function.
    If you have trouble figuring out where you are, edit the file that defines
    the function in another Vim, search for the start of the function and do
    "99j".  Replace "99" with the line number.

    Additionally, these commands can be used:

    							*>cont*
    	cont		Continue execution until the next breakpoint is hit.

    							*>quit*
    	quit		Abort execution.  This is like using CTRL-C, some
    			things might still be executed, doesn't abort
    			everything.  Still stops at the next breakpoint.

    							*>next*
    	next		Execute the command and come back to debug mode when
    			it's finished.  This steps over user function calls
    			and sourced files.

    							*>step*
    	step		Execute the command and come back to debug mode for
    			the next command.  This steps into called user
    			functions and sourced files.

    							*>interrupt*
    	interrupt	This is like using CTRL-C, but unlike ">quit" comes
    			back to debug mode for the next command that is
    			executed.  Useful for testing |:finally| and |:catch|
    			on interrupt exceptions.

    							*>finish*
    	finish		Finish the current script or user function and come
    			back to debug mode for the command after the one that
    			sourced or called it.

    About the additional commands in debug mode:
    - There is no command-line completion for them, you get the completion for the
      normal Ex commands only.
    - You can shorten them, up to a single character: "c", "n", "s" and "f".
    - Hitting <CR> will repeat the previous one.  When doing another command, this
      is reset (because it's not clear what you want to repeat).
    - When you want to use the Ex command with the same name, prepend a colon:
      ":cont", ":next", ":finish" (or shorter).

    DEFINING BREAKPOINTS

    							*:breaka* *:breakadd*
    :breaka[dd] func [lnum] {name}
    		Set a breakpoint in a function.  Example:
    			:breakadd func Explore
     		Doesn't check for a valid function name, thus the breakpoint
    		can be set before the function is defined.

    :breaka[dd] file [lnum] {name}
    		Set a breakpoint in a sourced file.  Example:
    			:breakadd file 43 .vimrc

    :breaka[dd] here
    		Set a breakpoint in the current line of the current file.
    		Like doing:
    			:breakadd file <cursor-line> <current-file>
     		Note that this only works for commands that are executed when
    		sourcing the file, not for a function defined in that file.

    The [lnum] is the line number of the breakpoint.  Vim will stop at or after
    this line.  When omitted line 1 is used.

    							*:debug-name*
    {name} is a pattern that is matched with the file or function name.  The
    pattern is like what is used for autocommands.  There must be a full match (as
    if the pattern starts with "^" and ends in "$").  A "*" matches any sequence
    of characters.  'ignorecase' is not used, but "\c" can be used in the pattern
    to ignore case |/\c|.  Don't include the () for the function name!

    The match for sourced scripts is done against the full file name.  If no path
    is specified the current directory is used.  Examples:
    	breakadd file explorer.vim
    matches "explorer.vim" in the current directory.
    	breakadd file *explorer.vim
    matches ".../plugin/explorer.vim", ".../plugin/iexplorer.vim", etc.
    	breakadd file */explorer.vim
    matches ".../plugin/explorer.vim" and "explorer.vim" in any other directory.

    The match for functions is done against the name as it's shown in the output
    of ":function".  For local functions this means that something like "<SNR>99_"
    is prepended.

    Note that functions are first loaded and later executed.  When they are loaded
    the "file" breakpoints are checked, when they are executed the "func"
    breakpoints.

    DELETING BREAKPOINTS

    						*:breakd* *:breakdel* *E161*
    :breakd[el] {nr}
    		Delete breakpoint {nr}.  Use |:breaklist| to see the number of
    		each breakpoint.

    :breakd[el] *
    		Delete all breakpoints.

    :breakd[el] func [lnum] {name}
    		Delete a breakpoint in a function.

    :breakd[el] file [lnum] {name}
    		Delete a breakpoint in a sourced file.

    :breakd[el] here
    		Delete a breakpoint at the current line of the current file.

    When [lnum] is omitted, the first breakpoint in the function or file is
    deleted.
    The {name} must be exactly the same as what was typed for the ":breakadd"
    command.  "explorer", "*explorer.vim" and "*explorer*" are different.

    LISTING BREAKPOINTS

    							*:breakl* *:breaklist*
    :breakl[ist]
    		List all breakpoints.

    OBSCURE

    						*:debugg* *:debuggreedy*
    :debugg[reedy]
    		Read debug mode commands from the normal input stream, instead
    		of getting them directly from the user.  Only useful for test
    		scripts.  Example:
    		  echo 'q^Mq' | vim -e -s -c debuggreedy -c 'breakadd file script.vim' -S script.vim

    :0debugg[reedy]
    		Undo ":debuggreedy": get debug mode commands directly from the
    		user, don't use typeahead for debug commands.

    ==============================================================================

    6. Profiling						*profile* *profiling*

    Profiling means that Vim measures the time that is spent on executing
    functions and/or scripts.  The |+profile| feature is required for this.
    It is only included when Vim was compiled with "huge" features.
    {Vi does not have profiling}

    You can also use the |reltime()| function to measure time.  This only requires
    the |+reltime| feature, which is present more often.

    :prof[ile] start {fname}			*:prof* *:profile* *E750*
    		Start profiling, write the output in {fname} upon exit.
    		If {fname} already exists it will be silently overwritten.
    		The variable |v:profiling| is set to one.

    :prof[ile] pause
    		Don't profile until the following ":profile continue".  Can be
    		used when doing something that should not be counted (e.g., an
    		external command).  Does not nest.

    :prof[ile] continue
    		Continue profiling after ":profile pause".

    :prof[ile] func {pattern}
    		Profile function that matches the pattern {pattern}.
    		See |:debug-name| for how {pattern} is used.

    :prof[ile][!] file {pattern}
    		Profile script file that matches the pattern {pattern}.
    		See |:debug-name| for how {pattern} is used.
    		This only profiles the script itself, not the functions
    		defined in it.
    		When the [!] is added then all functions defined in the script
    		will also be profiled.  But only if the script is loaded after
    		this command.

    :profd[el] ...						*:profd* *:profdel*
    		Stop profiling for the arguments specified. See |:breakdel|
    		for the arguments.

    You must always start with a ":profile start fname" command.  The resulting
    file is written when Vim exits.  Here is an example of the output, with line
    numbers prepended for the explanation:

      1 FUNCTION  Test2()
      2 Called 1 time
      3 Total time:   0.155251
      4  Self time:   0.002006
      5
      6 count  total (s)   self (s)
      7	9	       0.000096   for i in range(8)
      8	8   0.153655   0.000410     call Test3()
      9	8	       0.000070   endfor
     10				  " Ask a question
     11	1	       0.001341   echo input("give me an answer: ")

    The header (lines 1-4) gives the time for the whole function.  The "Total"
    time is the time passed while the function was executing.  The "Self" time is
    the "Total" time reduced by time spent in:
    - other user defined functions
    - sourced scripts
    - executed autocommands
    - external (shell) commands

    Lines 7-11 show the time spent in each executed line.  Lines that are not
    executed do not count.  Thus a comment line is never counted.

    The Count column shows how many times a line was executed.  Note that the
    "for" command in line 7 is executed one more time as the following lines.
    That is because the line is also executed to detect the end of the loop.

    The time Vim spends waiting for user input isn't counted at all.  Thus how
    long you take to respond to the input() prompt is irrelevant.

    Profiling should give a good indication of where time is spent, but keep in
    mind there are various things that may clobber the results:

    - The accuracy of the time measured depends on the gettimeofday() system
      function.  It may only be as accurate as 1/100 second, even though the times
      are displayed in micro seconds.

    - Real elapsed time is measured, if other processes are busy they may cause
      delays at unpredictable moments.  You may want to run the profiling several
      times and use the lowest results.

    - If you have several commands in one line you only get one time.  Split the
      line to see the time for the individual commands.

    - The time of the lines added up is mostly less than the time of the whole
      function.  There is some overhead in between.

    - Functions that are deleted before Vim exits will not produce profiling
      information.  You can check the |v:profiling| variable if needed:
    	:if !v:profiling
    	:   delfunc MyFunc
    	:endif

    - Profiling may give weird results on multi-processor systems, when sleep
      mode kicks in or the processor frequency is reduced to save power.

    - The "self" time is wrong when a function is used recursively.

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